Historically, special courts enforced halakha today, these courts still exist but the practice of Judaism is mostly voluntary. A typical Reform position is that halakha should be viewed as a set of general guidelines rather than as a set of restrictions and obligations whose observance is required of all Jews. Conservative and Reform Judaism are more liberal, with Conservative Judaism generally promoting a more traditionalist interpretation of Judaism's requirements than Reform Judaism. Orthodox Judaism maintains that the Torah and halakha are divine in origin, eternal and unalterable, and that they should be strictly followed. Major sources of difference between these groups are their approaches to halakha (Jewish law), the authority of the rabbinic tradition, and the significance of the State of Israel. Today, the largest Jewish religious movements are Orthodox Judaism ( Haredi and Modern Orthodox), Conservative Judaism, and Reform Judaism. Some modern branches of Judaism such as Humanistic Judaism may be considered secular or nontheistic. Historically, all or part of this assertion was challenged by various groups such as the Sadducees and Hellenistic Judaism during the Second Temple period the Karaites during the early and later medieval period and among segments of the modern non-Orthodox denominations. Within Judaism, there are a variety of religious movements, most of which emerged from Rabbinic Judaism, which holds that God revealed his laws and commandments to Moses on Mount Sinai in the form of both the Written and Oral Torah. Hebraism, like Hellenism, played a seminal role in the formation of Western civilization through its impact as a core background element of Early Christianity. Judaism's texts, traditions, and values strongly influenced later Abrahamic religions, including Christianity and Islam. Representing the core of the Jewish spiritual and religious tradition, the Torah is a term and a set of teachings that are explicitly self-positioned as encompassing at least seventy, and potentially infinite, facets and interpretations. The Hebrew-language word torah can mean 'teaching', 'law', or 'instruction', although 'Torah' can also be used as a general term that refers to any Jewish text that expands or elaborates on the original Five Books of Moses. In addition to the original written scripture, the supplemental Oral Torah is represented by later texts, such as the Midrash and the Talmud. The Tanakh, known in English as the Hebrew Bible, is also referred to as the ' Old Testament' in Christianity. Jewish religious doctrine encompasses a wide body of texts, practices, theological positions, and forms of organization.Īmong Judaism's core texts is the Torah, the first five books of the Tanakh, a collection of ancient Hebrew scriptures. Religious Jews regard Judaism as their means of observing the Mosaic covenant, which was established between God and the Israelites, their ancestors. Contemporary Judaism evolved from Yahwism, the cultic religious movement of ancient Israel and Judah, around the 6th/5th century BCE, and is thus considered to be one of the oldest monotheistic religions. It comprises the collective spiritual, cultural, and legal traditions of the Jewish people, having originated as an organized religion in the Middle East during the Bronze Age. Judaism is monotheistic, and widely an ethnic religion. Judaism ( Hebrew: יַהֲדוּת‎ Yahăḏūṯ) is the oldest Abrahamic religion.

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